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Searchable Systemic Insecticides List

As a group, insecticides are perilous for insect life, including bees and other beneficial insects. Those insecticides designed to permeate plants from within—systemic insecticides—move through plants and may be present in all tissues after application, including pollen and nectar, posing unique risks for pollinators.

Given their widespread use, Xerces decided to offer an easily accessible reference to the insecticides currently registered in the U.S. that are known to—or possess the potential to—exhibit systemic movement in plants.

With this reference, you can retrieve information about these chemicals, such as their toxicity to bees, their persistence, the strength of their systemic activity, and where they can be legally used.

To read more about systemic insecticides, the risks they pose, how translocation works, and other details, click here.

This information was last updated Dec. 1, 2021. The next update is scheduled for Feb. 1, 2022.

You can explore the data using the filters below to narrow your search. If you filter on more than one field at a time, the data returned in the tiles will meet all search conditions ("AND" query, not "OR" query). Click on tiles to bring up the details.

Active Ingredient

The name by which the insecticide active substance is commonly known, as identified on a pesticide product label.

Chemical Group

The larger chemical group to which the active ingredient belongs, usually as defined by chemical structure.

Adult Bee Toxicity (Oral LD₅₀ in µg/bee)

The dose that results in 50% of the test population dying, under an acute (short-term) oral exposure, for adult Apis mellifera (honey bee). The most conservative estimate (lowestvalue) available for oral acute toxicity is shown here. EPA uses the lowest LD₅₀ value available from the scientific literature in its modeling of risk.

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

"High" is assigned when the oral LD₅₀ value in the Adult Bee Toxicity field is less than 2 µg/bee, "Moderate" when the oral LD₅₀ is 2-10.99 µg/bee, and "Low" when the oral LD₅₀ is 11 µg/bee and higher. The term "Non-definitive" is assigned when oral acute toxicity was reported with a "less than" or "greater than" value. The toxicity group assigned follows the EPA's system for classifying acute toxicity to bees. Currently EPA does not have a classification system for oral acute.

Larval Bee Toxicity (Oral LD₅₀ in µg/bee)

Persistence Rating

Persistence ratings are based on the National Pesticide Information Center classification of half-lives: Low (less than 16 days), Medium (16-59 days) and High (60 days or more).

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

The value indicates the predicted relative strength of systemic transport, based on a model of the active ingredient's solubility, hydrophobicity (octanol−water partition coefficient (K_ow), and acid dissassociation constant (pKa). A Relative Index score of 1.0 is equivalent to the mean predicted activity of the well-known systemic neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam (Mineau 2021). Hence, active ingredients with scores higher than one would be predicted to be more likely to translocate than these three neonics; active ingredients with scores lower than 1.0 would be expected to show lesser potential for movement. Value from Mineau (2021) Appendix 2 ("Best RISA Estimate Available").

Use Categories

"Agricultural" indicates current registered uses in the U.S. include one or more food agricultural uses including seed treatments. "Nursery" indicates current registered uses includes one or more plant production use sites (nurseries, greenhouses, etc.). "Landscape" indicates current registered uses include one or more landscape uses such as landscape trees, landscape ornamental, uses in parks and/or residences, golf courses, turf, or other types of landscape use. "Non-crop" indicates current registered uses include one or more non-crop uses such as mosquito control (whether residential, wetland, natural or park areas, commercial/industrial etc.), structural uses, pest control on the premises of food-handling or livestock or food storage facilities, use on crops intended for livestock (such as alfalfa), and use on manure, Christmas trees, natural areas or other non-crop sites.

Seed Treatment Use

Yes indicates active ingredient is currently registered in the U.S. as a seed treatment for one or more crops. No indicates no seed treatment uses.

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Terms of Use: This data is provided only as a guide. It offers science-based information to help you make informed decisions about the use of systemic insecticides and the risk to pollinators and other beneficial insects. The insecticide user has sole and complete responsibility to comply with the applicable laws and the pesticide label instructions. Xerces and Xerces’ employees are not licensed insecticide or pesticide applicators or advisors. Xerces makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy, adequacy, completeness, legality, reliability or usefulness of any information made available through this search function or in a downloaded table and assumes no liability resulting from use of such information. Risk of personal or ecological injury or property damage from any insecticide use is assumed by the insecticide user. By accessing the data through the search function or downloading the table, you agree and acknowledge that you understand these Terms of Use.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0044 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.00199 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Avermectin

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0044

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.00199

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.37

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, cotton, soybean, and other crops. Landscape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

corn, cotton, soybean

Further Information

Xylem-mobile when injected, possibly phloem-mobile. Degradates of concern are highly persistent.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Abamectin: Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration Review. 153 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Abamectin Interim Registration Review Decision, Case Number 7430. 25 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Abamectin: Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration Review. 153 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.23 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.23

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Non-definitive

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.52

Registered Uses (USA)

A variety of agricultural uses including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, cotton, peanuts, soybean, citrus, tobacco, and other crops. Landscape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

cotton, peanut

Further Information

Xylem-mobile. According to Cranshaw (n.d.), acephate is systemic when applied foliarly and when trunk injected; soil systemic activity is being evaluated. Acephate converts to methamidophos within plants then translocates upward. Methamidophos has similar adult acute oral toxicity to acephate (0.22 µg/bee). Plant residues may be more persistent than soil residues.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration Review of Acephate. 218 pp. Also, Cranshaw, W. n.d. “Management Recommendations for Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs.” XCM-38. Colorado State University.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

8.96 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

1.16 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Neonicotinoid

Adult Bee Toxicity

8.96

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Moderate

Larval Bee Toxicity

1.16

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.50

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, citrus, potatoes, corn, cotton, soybean, tobacco, and other crops. Landscape uses include trees, landscape plantings, and other landscape sites. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses, including mosquito control.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

canola, mustard, potato seed pieces

Further Information

Xylem-mobile. EPA (2011) references potential toxic effects to brood since acetamiprid is an ovicide. Honey bee larvae show greater sensitivity to acetamiprid than adults. Persistence value shown is for field dissipation, however, EPA (2011) utilized half-life values of up to 383 days for aerobic soil metabolism for the parent, major degradate IM-1-4, and unextracted residues. Recent changes in proposed uses after 2021 Endangered Species review are not yet reflected.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Acetamiprid Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision, Case Number 7617. 35 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2011. Ecological Risk Assessment for the Proposed Section 3 New Use of Acetamiprid on a Variety of Agricultural Crops and as Bait near Animal Areas and Enclosed Dumpsters. 184 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.16 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Carbamate

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.16

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Non-definitive

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.08

Registered Uses (USA)

Six crops: cotton, dry beans, peanuts, soybeans, sugar beets, and sweet potatoes.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Xylem-mobile. A definitive oral acute toxicity value is available for adult alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata), reported as 0.431 µg/bee in the Pesticide Properties Database (Lewis et al. 2016).

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Aldicarb Interim Registration Review Decision, Case Number 0140. 56 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

>4 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.119 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Diamide

Adult Bee Toxicity

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Non-definitive

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.119

Persistence Half-Life (days)

627

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.52

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, cereal grains, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseeds, cotton, rice, sugar beet, and other crops. Landcape uses include turf, trees, landscape plantings, and other landscape sites. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

field corn, rice

Further Information

Xylem-mobile. Soil-systemic when added to root zone; translaminar when sprayed. According to Adams et al. (2016), evidence does not support phloem mobility. ECOTOX includes a record of acute oral LD50 for honey bee larvae as 0.119 µg/larva/day over an 8 day period. Oral acute value for adult bees of >4 µg/bee shown was conducted with chlorantraniliprole dissolved in acetone; formulations showed oral LD50 >100 µg/bee.

Toxicity Reference(s)

The Norwegian Food Safety Authority. 2010. Evaluation of the Plant Protection Product Coragen 20 SC – Chlorantraniliprole: Regarding Application for Authorisation. 69 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

The Norwegian Food Safety Authority. 2010. Evaluation of the Plant Protection Product Coragen 20 SC – Chlorantraniliprole: Regarding Application for Authorisation. 69 pp. Also, Adams, A., J. Gore, A. Catchot, F. Musser, D. Cook, N. Krishnan, and T. Irby. 2016. Residual and Systemic Efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole and Flubendiamide Against Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Soybean. Journal of Economic Entomology 109(6):2411–2417. Also, Dinter, A., K. Brugger, N. Frost, and M. Woodward. 2010. "Chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr): A Novel DuPont TM Insecticide with Low Toxicity and Low Risk for Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) and Bumble Bees (Bombus terrestris) Providing Excellent Tools for Uses in Integrated Pest Management.” In Hazards of Pesticides to Bees – 10th International Symposium of the ICP-Bee Protection Group. 423. Julius-Kühn-Archiv.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2012. Chlorantraniliprole (E2Y45): Ecological Risk Assessment to Support New Use on Oilseed and Soybean. 30 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.25 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.066 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.25

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.066

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.51

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, other cereal grains, corn, soybeans, other oilseeds, wheat, cotton, peanuts, sugar beets, and other crops. Landcape uses include turf, trees, landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses, including mosquito control.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

beans, corn, cotton, cucumber, peas, pumpkin, sorghum grain, triticale, wheat

Further Information

Studies by Ge et al. (2016) and Hwang et al (2018) show modest translocation from both soil and foliar application. U.S. EPA recently proposed to eliminate all food uses but this is not yet fully implemented so food crops where chlorpyrifos is currently registered are included here.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Lewis, K.A., J. Tzilivakis, D. Warner, and A. Green. 2016. An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 22(4):1050-1064. Also, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. ECOTOX User Guide: ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase System. Version 5.3. Available: http:/www.epa.gov/ecotox/

Systemic Reference(s)

Ge, J., M. Lu, D. Wang, Z. Zhang, X. Liu, and X. Yu. 2016. Dissipation and Distribution of Chlorpyrifos in Selected Vegetables through Foliage and Root Uptake. Chemosphere 144:201–206. Also, Hwang, K., S. Yoo, S. Lee, and J. Moon. 2018. Residual Level of Chlorpyrifos in Lettuces Grown on Chlorpyrifos-Treated Soils. NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series E: Applied Sciences 8(12):2343.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0037 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Neonicotinoid

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0037

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

545

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.02

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseed, wheat, oats, other cereal grains, cotton, rice, sugar beet, and other crops. Landcape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

carrot, potato, sugar beet, tumeric, onion, amaranth, corn salad, parsley, chervil, sorrel, brassica leafy vegetables, soybeans, cereal grains, barley, buckwheat, corn (field, pop, and sweet), millet, oat, rice, rye, sorghum, teosinte, triticale, wheat, canola, and cotton

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. Clothianidin is also a major degradate of thiamethoxam (another systemic neonicotinoid insecticide).

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Bee Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam. 414 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Bee Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam. 414 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Bee Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam. 414 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.116 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.0374 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Diamide

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.116

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.0374

Persistence Half-Life (days)

1327

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.87

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseed, cotton, and rice. Landcape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

potato, canola, mustard seed, corn (field, pop, seed and sweet), rice (dry-seeded), soybean, cottonseed and other oilseed crops (including rapeseed and other 17 other related crops in subgroup 20a (including milkweed); sunflower and 14 other related crops in subgroup 20b).

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. Adult toxicity results shown are from product formulation tests, not technical grade studies, which are non-definitive. According to U.S. EPA (2013), six of the eight major degradates are more persistent than the parent material. The 1327 days half life value is applicable to total toxic residue (TTR) values. See https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/cfr-2017-title40-vol26/xml/cfr-2017… for related oilseed crops that this insecticide is authorized on as a seed treatment.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. Amendment - EFED Environmental Risk Assessment of Proposed New Global Chemical Cyantraniliprole on [Various Uses]. 313 pp. Also, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. ECOTOX User Guide: ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase System. Version 5.3. Available: http:/www.epa.gov/ecotox/

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. Amendment - EFED Environmental Risk Assessment of Proposed New Global Chemical Cyantraniliprole on [Various Uses]. 313 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. Amendment - EFED Environmental Risk Assessment of Proposed New Global Chemical Cyantraniliprole on [Various Uses]. 313 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

186 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Cyromazine

Adult Bee Toxicity

186

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Low

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

150

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.46

Registered Uses (USA)

Agricultural uses include leafy vegetables, celery, beans, onions, potatoes, and melons. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

onion

Further Information

Xylem-mobile. Insect growth regulator, thus larval toxicity is likely though unknown at this time for honey bees. The Pesticide Properties Database (Lewis et al. 2016) reports adult bumble bee oral acute LD50 >1.3 µg/bee.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Cyromazine. 156 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Cyromazine. 156 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.09 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.0000545 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.09

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.0000545

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.27

Registered Uses (USA)

A variety of agricultural uses (<100 agricultural crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, and tree nuts. Other uses include nursery uses and cattle ear tags.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

non_crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

Harper, B., B. Luukinen, J. Gervais, K. Buhl, and D. Stone. 2009. Diazinon Technical Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. Also, Onsager, J., and H. Rusk. 1967. Absorption and translocation of diazinon and Stauffer N-2790 in sugar beet seedlings. Journal of Economic Entomology 60(2):586-588. Also, Sethunathan, N., S. Caballa, and M. Pathak. 1971. Absorption and Translocation of Diazinon by Rice Plants from Submerged Soils and Paddy Water and the Persistence of Residues in Plant Tissues. Journal of Economic Entomology 64 (3):571–576. Also, Shimazu, H. 2019. Diazinon Absorption and Bioaccumulation in the Garden Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. sativus). International Journal of GEOMATE 17(62):188-194.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.29 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.29

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.18

Registered Uses (USA)

Non-crop uses only, such as for structural uses, in agricultural storage and food handling sites, and some pet and veterinary uses.

Use Categories

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Dichlorvos is also known as DDVP. Dichlorvos is a major degradate of trichlorfon (another systemic).

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

Guanghui, T., H. Jun, and J. Zhili. 2007. The Control Effect of Anoplophora Glabripenniswith the Liquid Formulation of 14% Imidacloprid+DDVP for Trunk Injection. Journal of Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry 35(1):116–120.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.07 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.07

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.29

Registered Uses (USA)

Cotton, landscape trees, and nursery trees.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014. Transmittal of the Preliminary Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration of Dicrotophos, Case Number 145. 102 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014. Transmittal of the Preliminary Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration of Dicrotophos, Case Number 145. 102 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.06 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.1 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.06

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.1

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.23

Registered Uses (USA)

A variety of agricultural uses (<100 crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, other oilseeds, wheat, other cereal grains, and cotton. Other uses include nursery uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

nursery

Seed Treatment Use

Further Information

Xylem-mobile. According to Cranshaw (n.d.), dimethoate moves readily into the sap stream after foliar application, and has soil systemic activity. Longer persistence has been reported by Lewis and Tzilvakis (2017) for dimethoate residues in or on plants (half-life 29 days) than indicated in the persistence half-life field, which reports terrestial field dissipation.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2015. Registration Review - Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Dimethoate. 144 pp. Also, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. ECOTOX User Guide: ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase System. Version 5.3. Available: http:/www.epa.gov/ecotox/

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2015. Registration Review - Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Dimethoate. 144 pp. Also, Cranshaw, W. n.d. “Management Recommendations for Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs.” XCM-38. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 78 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

Lewis, K.A., J. Tzilivakis, D. Warner, and A. Green. 2016. An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 22(4):1050-1064. . Also, Lewis, K. and J. Tzilivakis. 2017. Development of a Data Set of Pesticide Dissipation Rates in/on Various Plant Matrices for the Pesticide Properties Database (PPDB). Data 2(3):28.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.023 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

>3.3 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Neonicotinoid

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.023

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

>3.3

Persistence Half-Life (days)

156

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.29

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, cotton, and rice. Landcape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses including mosquito control.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. U.S. EPA (2017) identified off field risk to bees (due to spray drift) from all foliar uses, including from crops harvested before flowering (i.e. lettuce).

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Draft Assessment of the Potential Effects of Dinotefuran on Bees. 139 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Draft Assessment of the Potential Effects of Dinotefuran on Bees. 139 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment (excluding terrestrial invertebrates) for the Registration Review of Dinotefuran. 92 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Borate

Adult Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Unknown

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Rating

Unknown

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.47

Registered Uses (USA)

Non-crop uses in and around structures. Labels also allow for treatment of ant mounds (which may result in incidental turf or landscape site exposure).

Use Categories

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Further Information

Also known as "boric acid and its several sodium salts". Xylem-mobile. Can be absorbed through leaves (Pratt 1996). Hanson (1991) showed that boron, applied as a foliar spray to some fruit crops in autumn before leaf senescence occurred, moved out of leaves into adjacent twigs and spurs, and remained in the wood until the following spring, when it was allocated to developing flowers.

Systemic Reference(s)

Pratt, J. 1996. Borates for Stump Protection: A Literature Review. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh: Technical Paper 15. 26 pp. Also, Hanson, E. 1991. Movement of Boron out of Tree Fruit Leaves. HortScience 26(3):271–273.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0063 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Avermectin

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0063

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

301

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.24

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, tree nuts, cotton, palm, tobacco, and other crops. Landcape uses include trees. Other uses include non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Emamectin Benzoate. 118 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Emamectin Benzoate. 118 pp. Also, Burkhard, R., H. Binz, C. Roux, M. Brunner, O. Ruesch, and P. Wyss. 2015. Environmental Fate of Emamectin Benzoate after Tree Micro Injection of Horse Chestnut Trees. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / SETAC 34(2):297–302. Also, Coslor, C., C. Vandervoort, and J. Wise. 2019. Control of Insect Pests Using Trunk Injection in a Newly Established Apple Orchard. International Journal of Fruit Science 19(2):151–164. Also, Doccola, J. and P. Wild. 2012. “Tree Injection as an Alternative Method of Insecticide Application.” In Insecticides - Basic and Other Applications, edited by Sonia Soloneski. InTech.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Emamectin Benzoate. 118 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

4.29 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.347 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Quinazoline

Adult Bee Toxicity

4.29

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Moderate

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.347

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.78

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, and other crops. Other uses include landscape plantings, trees, and nursery uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Confirmation of fenazaquin's ability to translocate is lacking at this time, however, physiochemical properties indicate that this active ingredient may have systemic potential.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010. Fenazaquin: Ecological Risk Assessment for Proposed Use on Foliage Crops, Christmas Tree Plantations; Ornamental Plants, Non-bearing Tree Fruits and Nuts, and Established Ornamental Landscape Plantings. 101 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.00417 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.0218 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Phenylpyrazole

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.00417

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.0218

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.49

Registered Uses (USA)

Three crops: potatoes, turnips, and rutabagas. Landcape uses include turf and landscape plantings, and other landscape sites. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Further Information

Xylem-mobile. Previously authorized corn seed treatment has been discontinued.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Lewis, K.A., J. Tzilivakis, D. Warner, and A. Green. 2016.An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 22(4):1050-1064. Also, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. ECOTOX User Guide: ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase System. Version 5.3. Available: http:/www.epa.gov/ecotox/

Systemic Reference(s)

Bonmatin, J., C. Giorio, V. Girolami, D. Goulson, D. P. Kreutzweiser, C. Krupke, M. Liess [and others]. 2015. Environmental Fate and Exposure; Neonicotinoids and Fipronil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 22(1):35–67. Also, Aajoud, A., M. Raveton, H. Aouadi, M. Tissut, and P. Ravanel. 2006. Uptake and Xylem Transport of Fipronil in Sunflower. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54(14):5055–5060. Also, Li, Y., Y. Xie, H. Xu, [and others]. 2016. Comparing Xylem Mobility of Four Types of Pesticides, Glucose-Fipronil Conjugate, Fipronil, Thiamethoxam and Abamectin, in Soybean. Hua Nan Nong Ye Da Xue Xue Bao = Journal of South China Agricultural University 37(2):84–88.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

>3.5 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

>63 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Pyridinecarboxamide

Adult Bee Toxicity

>3.5

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Non-definitive

Larval Bee Toxicity

>63

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.20

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, soybeans, canola, other oilseed, cotton, and other crops. Landcape uses include trees and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Xylem-mobile.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Flonicamid: Draft Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration Review. 72 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Flonicamid: Draft Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration Review. 72 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Flonicamid: Draft Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration Review. 72 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

1.20 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Butenolide

Adult Bee Toxicity

1.20

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

265

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.05

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseed, wheat, oats, barley, other cereal grains, cotton, peanuts, and other crops. Landcape uses include trees and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

canola, rapeseed, soybean

Further Information

Xylem-mobile from both soil and foliar applications. The risk assessment references a steep dose-response curve.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for Foliar, Soil Drench, and Seed Treatment Uses of the New Insecticide Flupyradifurone (BYI 02960). Also, Nauen, R., P. Jeschke, R. Velten, M. Beck, U. Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, W. Thielert, K. Wölfel, M. Haas, K. Kunz, and G. Raupach. 2015. Flupyradifurone: A Brief Profile of a New Butenolide Insecticide. Pest Management Science 71(6):850–862.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.16 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Carbamate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.16

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.52

Registered Uses (USA)

Twelve crops, including nectarine, alfalfa grown for seed, and ten kinds of citrus.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Confirmation of formetanate's ability to translocate is lacking at this time, however, physiochemical properties indicate that it may have systemic potential. EPA (2018) stated that persistence in the field is highly dependent on the soil pH. Larval acute oral toxicity in µg/bee is unknown, however ECOTOX shows a chronic toxicity value (LC50) of 0.11 µg/org-day.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018. Formetanate HCI: Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration. 69 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018. Formetanate HCI: Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration. 69 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.61 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.61

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.13

Registered Uses (USA)

Tomatoes. No other registered uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Fosthiazate. 47 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2013. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Fosthiazate. 47 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0039 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

4.17 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Neonicotinoid

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0039

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

4.17

Persistence Half-Life (days)

254

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.91

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseeds, wheat, oats, barley, other cereal grains, cotton, sugar beet, peanuts, and other crops. Landcape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses, including mosquito control.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

More than 50 different crops, including: sugar beet, carrot, potato, onion, leeks, scallions, broccoli, soybean, various beans and peas, barley, buckwheat, corn (field, pop, and sweet), millet, oats, rye, sorghum, wheat, triticale, mustard, canola/rapeseed, cotton, sunflower, safflower, peanut, squash, cucurbits, tomato, pepper, and other crops

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. According to EPA (2016), imidacloprid is absorbed via the roots, stems, and foliage. For certain crops (squash, cucurbits, tomatoes and peppers), seed treatment is allowed only if the plant is destined for export to Mexico. See Gaucho 600 seed treatment registered crops.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Preliminary Pollinator Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Imidacloprid. 305 pp. Also, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. ECOTOX User Guide: ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase System. Version 5.3. Available: http:/www.epa.gov/ecotox/

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Preliminary Pollinator Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Imidacloprid. 305 pp. Also, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Imidacloprid Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision, Case Number 7605. 77 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Preliminary Aquatic Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Imidacloprid. 219 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

1.66 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

1.66

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.79

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, wheat, oats, barley, cotton, rice, other cereal grains, and other crops. Landcape uses include trees and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses, including mosquito uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Persistence may be occasionally prolonged inside plants. A half-life value of 114 days in plants is recorded by Lewis and Tzilivakis (2017) from a study of residues in stored corn, however this appeared to be an outlier compared with other data on malathion.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. ECOTOX User Guide: ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase System. Version 5.3. Available: http:/www.epa.gov/ecotox/

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Malathion: Human Health Draft Risk Assessment for Registration Review. 258 pp. Also, Abo‐El‐Seoud, A. M., and A. Shams‐El‐Din. 1996. Ascending and descending translocation of 14C‐malathion in plant‐soil ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental Studies 49(3):219-226.

Persistence Reference(s)

Lewis, K.A., J. Tzilivakis, D. Warner, and A. Green. 2016. An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 22(4):1050-1064. . Also, Lewis, K., and J. Tzilivakis. 2017. Development of a data set of pesticide dissipation rates in/on various plant matrices for the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB). Data 2(3):28.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.28 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Carbamate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.28

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.25

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, wheat, other cereal grains, cotton, sugar beet, peanuts, and other crops. Other uses include non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

Fung K., R. Luke, and N. Uren. 1978. Concentrations of methomyl in Australian tobacco plants following transplant, foliar and soil treatments. Tob Sci 180(6):61-64. Also, International Program on Chemical Safety. 1996. Environmental Health Criteria 178: Methomyl. Geneva: IPCS Inchem.

Persistence Reference(s)

California Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2019. Potential for Methomyl Movement to California Groundwater as a Result of Agricultural Use. 10 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

>100 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

3.69 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Diacylhydrazine

Adult Bee Toxicity

>100

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Low

Larval Bee Toxicity

3.69

Persistence Half-Life (days)

960

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.48

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, some cereal grains, corn, soybeans, cotton, sugar beets, peanuts, and other crops. Landcape uses include trees and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Carlson et al. (2001) notes methoxyfenozide to be "modestly root-systemic (particularly in rice and other monocots) but not significantly leaf-systemic." Nonetheless, this paper presents study data showing prolonged efficacy on leaf-feeding Lepidoptera after soil drenches. Chemicals in the diacylhydrazine class of insecticides mimic the action of the molting hormone of Lepidopteran (moths, butterflies) larvae. Upon ingestion, Lepidopteran larvae undergo a lethal premature molt. EPA's 2018 registration decision noted 10 bee kills reported since 2011 (6-7 involved at least one additional pesticide in addition to methoxyfenozide).

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2015. Registration Review: Preliminary Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment Endangered Species Effects Determination for Methoxyfenozide. 72 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

Carlson, G., T. Dhadialla, R. Hunter, R. Jansson, C. Jany, Z. Lidert, and R. Slawecki. 2001. The Chemical and Biological Properties of Methoxyfenozide, a New Insecticidal Ecdysteroid Agonist. Pest Management Science 57(2):115–119.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

>8.1 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Botanical

Adult Bee Toxicity

>8.1

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Non-definitive

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.24

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruit, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseeds, wheat, oats, barley and other cereal grains, cotton, rice, sugar cane, peanuts, and other crops. Landcape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses, including mosquito control.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Modest systemic activity.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

Sundaram, K., R. Campbell, L. Sloane, and J. Studens. 1995. Uptake, Translocation, Persistence and Fate of Azadirachtin in Aspen Plants (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and Its Effect on Pestiferous Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Crop Protection 14(5):415–421. Also, Grimalt, S., D. Thompson, D. Chartrand, J. McFarlane, B. Helson, B. Lyons, J. Meating, and T. Scarr. 2011. Foliar Residue Dynamics of Azadirachtins Following Direct Stem Injection into White and Green Ash Trees for Control of Emerald Ash Borer. Pest Management Science 67(10):1277–1284. Also, McKenzie, N., B. Helson, D. Thompson, G. Otis, J. McFarlane, T. Buscarini, and J. Meating. 2010. Azadirachtin: An Effective Systemic Insecticide for Control of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 103(3):708–717.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.09 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.931 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Carbamate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.09

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.931

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.60

Registered Uses (USA)

A variety of agricultural uses (<100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, other fruits, potatoes, cotton, and peanuts. Other uses include nursery uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Oxamyl: Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration. 120 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Oxamyl: Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for Registration. 120 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.43 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.43

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Non-definitive

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.77

Registered Uses (USA)

Fewer than 20 agricultural crops: green and dried beans, potatoes, grain sorghum, milo, field and sweet corn, soybeans, cotton, sugar beet, sugar cane, peanuts. Other uses include nursery use on Easter lily.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. 2016. An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 22(4):1050-1064.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Registration Review - Revised Preliminary Problem Formulation for the Ecological Risk Assessment of Phorate. 23 pp. Also, Bardner, R. 1964. The Uptake of Phorate, a Systemic Insecticide, Applied as a Slurry to Wheat and Mustard Seeds. The Annals of Applied Biology 53(3):445–458.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

>117 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Pyridine azomethine

Adult Bee Toxicity

>117

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Low

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.31

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, other fruits, tree nuts, potatoes, cotton, sugar beets, and other crops. Landcape uses include trees and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.`

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. Pymetrozine neurally inhibits feeding behavior.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Pymetrozine. 107 pp. Also, Bextine, B., D. Harshman, M. Johnson, and T. Miller. 2004. Impact of Pymetrozine on Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Feeding Behavior and Rate of Xylella fastidiosa Transmission. Journal of Insect Science 4:34.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

4.7 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Pyridine azomethine

Adult Bee Toxicity

4.7

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Moderate

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.01

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, potatoes, and cotton. Other uses include nursery uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

nursery

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Confirmation of pyrifluquinazon's ability to translocate is lacking at this time, however, physiochemical properties indicate that this active ingredient may have systemic potential. EPA (2017) noted that additional data is needed to determine if this insecticide is systemic. Adult acute oral toxicity value shown is for the formulated product (TEP).

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Pyrifluquinazon: Ecological Risk Assessment for First Outdoor Uses on Brassica head and stem vegetables (crop group 5-16), Citrus fruits (crop group 10-10), Cotton, Cucurbit vegetables (crop group 9), Fruiting vegetables (crop group 8-10), Leaf petiole vegetables (crop subgroup 22B), Leafy vegetables (crop group 4-16), Pome fruits (crop group 11-10), Small fruit vine climbing subgroup (crop subgroup 13-07F), Stone fruits (crop group 12-12), Tree nuts (crop group 14-12), Tuberous and corm vegetables (crop subgroup 1C). 72 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.06 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Spinosyn

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.06

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.00

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, barley, and other cereal grains, cotton, peanuts, rice, sugar beets and other crops. Landcape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses, including mosquito control.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

bulb vegetables, dried shelled pea and beans, cucurbit vegetables, cantaloupe, pumpkin, winter squash, watermelon, and legume vegetables used for fodder

Further Information

Modest systemic activity. According to Dow (2014), foliar formulations of spinosad are modestly systemic, with more movement and penetration observed with younger and rapidly growing leaves. Limited root uptake may also occur under certain conditions and environments. Spinosad is used as a larvicide in mosquito control.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

Van Leeuwen, T., W. Dermauw, M. van de Veire, and L. Tirry. 2005. Systemic Use of Spinosad to Control the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Tomatoes Grown in Rockwool. Experimental & Applied Acarology 37(1-2):93–105. Also, Dow Chemical Company. 2014. Product Safety Assessment: Spinosad. 6 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Preliminary Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Spinosad (PC Code 110003, DP Barcode 431523). 133 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

92 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Tetramic acid

Adult Bee Toxicity

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Low

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

222

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.83

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, soybeans, sugar beet, and other crops. Landcape uses include commercial turf; in residential settings only citrus trees are labeled for use. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. EPA (2009) indicated that studies conducted on bee colonies at less than the maximum application rate "suggest there is potential for mortality in adults and pupae, massive perturbation of brood development, and early brood termination as a result of spirotetramat use." Spirotetramat together with its two major degradates are much more persistent than any of these alone, with a half-life value in aerobic soil of 222 days (used by EPA in its modeling).

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. EFED Environmental Risk Assessment for the Proposed Uses of Spirotetremat on the Production of Cotton, Soybean, Legume Vegetables, Tropical Fruit, Pistachio, Okra, and Dried Prunes, Review of Risk to Pollinators and Groundwater Label Requirement Revision. 216 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.05 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

>0.415 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Sulfoxamine

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.05

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

>0.415

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.91

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseeds, wheat, barley, other cereal grains, cotton, rice, and other crops. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. Adult acute oral toxicity value is from a formulated product, which exhibited more pronounced bee toxicity than the technical active ingredient. EPA (2019) noted that the major degradate X-474 is expected to be highly persistent in aerobic soil/aquatic systems (half-lives of >1000 days in many soils). However, X-474 does not exhibit acute toxicity to the honey bee based on currently available data.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Ecological Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration for Various Proposed New Uses. 286 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Ecological Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration for Various Proposed New Uses. 286 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2019. Ecological Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration for Various Proposed New Uses. 286 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

4.09 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

4.09

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Moderate

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Low

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.57

Registered Uses (USA)

Three crops: corn, sorghum, and sugar beet.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Toxicity Reference(s)

DiBartolomeis, M., S. Kegley, P. Mineau, R. Radford, and K. Klein. 2019. An Assessment of Acute Insecticide Toxicity Loading (AITL) of Chemical Pesticides Used on Agricultural Land in the United States. PloS One 14(8):e0220029.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2015. Registration Review: Ecological Risk Assessment for Terbufos. 123 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0103 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.013 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Diamide

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0103

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

0.013

Persistence Half-Life (days)

359

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.63

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, potatoes, soybean, corn and other crops. Landscape uses are limited to turfgrass. The only nursery use is for sod farms.

Use Categories

agricultural

Nursery

Landscape

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

corn (field, sweet, and pop)

Further Information

Soil-systemic and leaf-systemic. EPA (2020) noted several studies that detected residues of tetraniliprole in pollen and/or nectar occuring following seed, soil, and/or foliar applications made prior to or during bloom, and noted that degradation rates slow over time.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Tetraniliprole: Ecological Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration of New Chemical. 218 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Tetraniliprole: Ecological Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration of New Chemical. 218 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Tetraniliprole: Ecological Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration of New Chemical. 218 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0027 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Neonicotinoid

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.0027

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.07

Registered Uses (USA)

A wide variety of agricultural uses (>100 different crops) including vegetables, tree fruits, grapes, other fruits, tree nuts, beans, potatoes, corn, soybeans, canola, other oilseed, wheat, oats, barley, other cereal grains, cotton, rice, sugar beets, peanuts, and other crops. Landcape uses include turf, trees, and landscape plantings. Other uses include nursery uses and non-crop uses, including mosquito control.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Nursery

Landscape

Non-crop

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

carrot, potato, sugar beet, onion, leafy vegetables, amaranth, lettuce, spinach, corn salad, brassica leafy vegetables, legume vegetables, beans, soybeans, lentils, peas, cucurbit vegetables, cereal grains, barley, buckwheat, corn (field, pop, and sweet), millet, oat, rice, rye, sorghum, teosinte, triticale, wheat, oilseed entire group (including canola, cotton, and sunflower), alfalfa, and peanuts

Further Information

Xylem and phloem-mobile. Data not available for acute oral toxicity to larval European honey bees, but a study of Italian honey bees determined an oral LD50 of 0.118 µg/larva over an 18 day period. Clothianidin is a major degradate of thiamethoxam. In its 2020 proposed interim reregistration decision, U.S. EPA proposed to cancel seed treatment registrations for bulb vegetables.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Bee Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam. 414 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision, Case Numbers 7620 and 7614. 111 pp. Also, Calvo-Agudo, M., J. González-Cabrera, Y. Picó, P. Calatayud-Vernich, A. Urbaneja, M. Dicke, and A Tena. 2019. Neonicotinoids in Excretion Product of Phloem-Feeding Insects Kill Beneficial Insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(34):16817–16822.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Bee Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam. 414 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.13 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Carbamate

Adult Bee Toxicity

0.13

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.63

Registered Uses (USA)

Two crops: cotton and soybeans, for seed treatments only.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

cotton, soybeans

Further Information

EPA (2019) stated that translocation is "suggested" based on the physiochemical properties. Thiodicarb transforms relatively quickly into methomyl, another systemic.

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Thiodicarb. 60 pp. Also, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2021. ECOTOX User Guide: ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase System. Version 5.3. Available: http:/www.epa.gov/ecotox/

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Thiodicarb. 60 pp. Also, Sanchez-Bayo, F., H. Tennekes, and K. Gok. 2013. “Impact of Systemic Insecticides on Organisms and Ecosystems.” In Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies, edited by Stanislav Trdan. InTech.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2018. Preliminary Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration Review of Thiodicarb. 60 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.41 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Phenyl oxadiazole

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.41

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

High

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

220

Persistence Rating

High

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

0.41

Registered Uses (USA)

Three uses, all seed treatments: corn, cotton and soybean seeds.

Use Categories

Agriculture

Seed Treatment Use

Yes

Seed Treatment Crops

corn, cotton, soybean

Toxicity Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Tioxazafen (MON 102100): Ecological Risk Assessment for Use as a Seed Treatment on Corn, Soybean, and Cotton. 60 pp.

Systemic Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Tioxazafen (MON 102100): Ecological Risk Assessment for Use as a Seed Treatment on Corn, Soybean, and Cotton. 60 pp. Also, Minnesota Dept. of Agriculture. 2017. Tioxazafen: New Active Ingredient Review. 2 pp.

Persistence Reference(s)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2016. Tioxazafen (MON 102100): Ecological Risk Assessment for Use as a Seed Treatment on Corn, Soybean, and Cotton. 60 pp.

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.4 Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown Oral LD50 in µg/bee

Chemical Group

Organophosphate

Adult Bee Toxicity

>0.4

Adult Bee Toxicity Group

Non-definitive

Larval Bee Toxicity

Unknown

Persistence Half-Life (days)

Persistence Rating

Medium

Relative Index of Systemic Activity

1.29

Registered Uses (USA)

Landcape uses only: turf, trees, and landscape plantings.

Use Categories

landcape

Seed Treatment Use

Seed Treatment Crops

Further Information

Major degradate is dichlorvos, another systemic.

Toxicity Reference(s)

Systemic Reference(s)

Catrina, I., A. Popa, V. Constantinesco, O. Constantinesco, E. Constantinesco, and C. Hulula. 1963. "Establishment of the Processes of Absorption and Diffusion of Systemic Insecticides in Populus Euramericana Dode Guinier Robusta." In Symposium on the Use and Application of Radioisotopes and Radiation in the Control of Plant and Animal Insect Pests, 211–221. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Italy). Also, Harries, F.H. 1965. Control of Insects and Mites on Fruit Trees by Trunk Injections. Journal of Economic Entomology 58(4):631–634.

Persistence Reference(s)

Field Names and Definitions

Active Ingredient
The name by which the insecticide active substance is commonly known, as identified on a pesticide product label.

Chemical Group

The larger chemical group to which the active ingredient belongs, usually as defined by chemical structure.

Adult Bee Toxicity
The dose that results in 50% of the test population dying, under an acute (short-term) oral exposure, i.e., adult oral LD₅₀ in units of µg/bee for Apis mellifera (honey bee). The most conservative estimate (lowest value) available for oral acute toxicity is shown here. EPA uses the lowest LD₅₀ value available from the scientific literature in its modeling of risk.

Adult Bee Toxicity Group
"High" is assigned when the oral LD₅₀ value in the Adult Bee Toxicity field is less than 2 µg/bee, "Moderate" when the oral LD50 is 2-10.99 µg/bee, and "Low" when the oral LD₅₀ is 11 µg/bee and higher. The term "Non-definitive" is assigned when oral acute toxicity was reported with a "less than" or "greater than" value. The toxicity group assigned follows the EPA's system for classifying acute toxicity to bees.

Larval Bee Toxicity
Larval oral LD₅₀, in units of µg/bee for Apis mellifera (honey bee). The most conservative estimate (lowest value) available for larval oral acute toxicity is shown here. EPA uses the lowest LD₅₀ value available from the scientific literature in its modeling of risk. In several cases, no value is currently available.

Persistence Half-life (days)
Where available, the most conservative (longest) estimate of terrestrial dissipation half-life, in days. If this value was unavailable, the aerobic soil metabolism half-life value used by EPA to model persistence in its most recent ecological risk assessment for this active ingredient was used. If this value was unavailable, the most conservative estimate (longest value) of aerobic soil metabolism half-life presented in the ecological risk assessment. Note that some persistence data inside plants is available, however methods for collecting this information differs, and very little persistence data is available for pollen, flowers, or nectar. Moreover, treated soil may transfer systemics to plants over a long period of time. With these considerations, the more traditional soil-based measures of persistence are presented here.

Persistence Rating
Persistence ratings are based on the National Pesticide Information Center classification of half-lives: Low (less than 16 days), Medium (16-59 days) and High (60 days or more).

Relative Index of Systemic Activity
The value indicates the predicted relative strength of systemic transport, based on a model of the active ingredient's solubility, hydrophobicity (octanol−water partition coefficient (K_ow), and acid dissassociation constant (pKa). A Relative Index score of 1.0 is equivalent to the mean predicted activity of the well-known systemic neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam (Mineau 2021). Hence, active ingredients with scores higher than one would be predicted to be more likely to translocate than these three neonics; active ingredients with scores lower than 1.0 would be expected to show lesser potential for movement. Value from Mineau (2021) Appendix 2 ("Best RISA Estimate Available").

Use Categories
"Agricultural" indicates current registered uses in the U.S. include one or more food agricultural uses including seed treatments. "Nursery" indicates current registered uses includes one or more plant production use sites (nurseries, greenhouses, etc.). "Landscape" indicates current registered uses include one or more landscape uses such as landscape trees, landscape ornamental, uses in parks and/or residences, golf courses, turf, or other types of landscape use. "Non-crop" indicates current registered uses include one or more non-crop uses such as mosquito control (whether residential, wetland, natural or park areas, commercial/industrial etc.), structural uses, pest control on the premises of food-handling or livestock or food storage facilities, use on crops intended for livestock (such as alfalfa), and use on manure, Christmas trees, natural areas or other non-crop sites.

Registered Uses (USA)
A general summary of the insecticide's currently registered uses in the U.S, based primarily on examination of EPA registration documents. Current products and labels posted at cdms.net and http://npic.orst.edu/NPRO/# were also consulted. For a master list of all products and sites by active ingredient, see https://ordspub.epa.gov/ords/pesticides/f?p=PPLS:1:. We also conducted searches for PRIA label amendments (EPA’s process for amending labels) for some chemicals to determine uses. Note that Special Local Use Authorizations or emergency use authorizations are not necessarily reflected in our list of Registered Uses. Section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) authorizes EPA to allow an unregistered use of a pesticide for a limited time if EPA determines that an emergency condition exists. To check emergency authorizations, visit https://ordspub.epa.gov/ords/pesticides/f?p=CHEMICALSEARCH:1:.

Seed Treatment Use
Yes indicates active ingredient is currently registered in the U.S. as a seed treatment for one or more crops. No indicates no seed treatment uses.

Seed Treatment Crops
Crops for which seed treatments are currently registered in the U.S. These crops were located using the same general process as other uses described in the Registered Uses (USA) field definition. In some cases we searched cdms.net or used google searches to identify these. This field only addresses seed coatings and does not describe whether or not other soil application methods are available, such as in-furrow uses, soil band treatments, soil incorporations, soil injections, soil drenches, pre-plant dips, granular treatments, etc. This field may not reflect emergency use authorizations.

Further Information
As needed, selected additional information.

Systemic Reference(s)
Source(s) for confirmation of systemic movement.

Toxicity Reference(s)
Source(s) for toxicity values shown in fields Adult Bee Toxicity and Larval Bee Toxicity. In most cases the values for oral bee toxicity were drawn from U.S. EPA Ecological Risk Assessments or from the University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database (Lewis and Tzilivakis et al. 2016). In some cases, the toxicity database maintained by U.S. EPA (ECOTOX database, US EPA 2021) was the source.

Persistence Reference(s)
Source(s) for persistence value shown in field Persistence Half-Life (Days). In most cases the values for oral bee toxicity were drawn from U.S. EPA Ecological Risk Assessments or from the University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database (Lewis and Tzilivakis et al. 2016).