carrot, potato, sugar beet, onion, leafy vegetables, amaranth, lettuce, spinach, corn salad, brassica leafy vegetables, legume vegetables, beans, soybeans, lentils, peas, cucurbit vegetables, cereal grains, barley, buckwheat, corn (field, pop, and sweet), millet, oat, rice, rye, sorghum, teosinte, triticale, wheat, oilseed entire group (including canola, cotton, and sunflower), alfalfa, and peanuts
Xylem and phloem-mobile. Data not available for acute oral toxicity to larval European honey bees, but a study of Italian honey bees determined an oral LD50 of 0.118 µg/larva over an 18 day period. Clothianidin is a major degradate of thiamethoxam. In its 2020 proposed interim reregistration decision, U.S. EPA proposed to cancel seed treatment registrations for bulb vegetables.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Bee Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam. 414 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020. Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision, Case Numbers 7620 and 7614. 111 pp. Also, Calvo-Agudo, M., J. González-Cabrera, Y. Picó, P. Calatayud-Vernich, A. Urbaneja, M. Dicke, and A Tena. 2019. Neonicotinoids in Excretion Product of Phloem-Feeding Insects Kill Beneficial Insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(34):16817–16822.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Preliminary Bee Risk Assessment to Support the Registration Review of Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam. 414 pp.